Recommended Sugar Intake
The recommended sugar intake is 6 teaspoons of sugar per day. 6 teaspoons of sugar is about 25 grams of sugar per day. The health benefits, according to the WHO’s Sugars intake for adults and children Guideline, of reducing sugar intake include …
Some causes of sugar cravings are …
Sources of sugar include seemingly healthy foods with added sugar, such as yogurt, milk, apple juice,
Free sugars refer to monosaccharides (such as glucose, fructose) and disaccharides (such as sucrose or table sugar) added to foods and drinks by the manufacturer, cook or consumer, and sugars naturally present in honey, syrups, fruit juices and fruit juice concentrates.
“We have solid evidence that keeping intake of free sugars to less than 10% of total energy intake reduces the risk of overweight, obesity and tooth decay,” says Dr Francesco Branca, Director of WHO’s Department of Nutrition for Health and Development. “Making policy changes to support this will be key if countries are to live up to their commitments to reduce the burden of noncommunicable diseases.”
The WHO guideline does not refer to the sugars in fresh fruits and vegetables, and sugars naturally present in milk, because there is no reported evidence of adverse effects of consuming these sugars.
Much of the sugars consumed today are “hidden” in processed foods that are not usually seen as sweets. For example, 1 tablespoon of ketchup contains around 4 grams (around 1 teaspoon) of free sugars. A single can of sugar-sweetened soda contains up to 40 grams (around 10 teaspoons) of free sugars.
Worldwide intake of free sugars varies by age, setting and country. In Europe, intake in adults ranges from about 7-8% of total energy intake in countries like Hungary and Norway, to 16-17% in countries like Spain and the United Kingdom. Intake is much higher among children, ranging from about 12% in countries like Denmark, Slovenia and Sweden, to nearly 25% in Portugal. There are also rural/urban differences. In rural communities in South Africa intake is 7.5%, while in the urban population it is 10.3%.
Reducing sugars intake to less than 10% of total energy: a strong recommendation
The recommendations are based on analysis of the latest scientific evidence. This evidence shows, first, that adults who consume less sugars have lower body weight and, second, that increasing the amount of sugars in the diet is associated with a weight increase. In addition, research shows that children with the highest intakes of sugar-sweetened drinks are more likely to be overweight or obese than children with a low intake of sugar-sweetened drinks.
The recommendation is further supported by evidence showing higher rates of dental caries (commonly referred to as tooth decay) when the intake of free sugars is above 10% of total energy intake compared with an intake of free sugars below 10% of total energy intake.
Based on the quality of supporting evidence, these recommendations are ranked by WHO as “strong”. This means they can be adopted as policy in most situations.
Further reduction to less than 5% of total energy intake: a conditional recommendation
Given the nature of existing studies, the recommendation of reducing intake of free sugars to below 5% of total energy is presented as “conditional” in the WHO system for issuing evidence-based guidance.
Few epidemiological studies have been undertaken in populations with a low sugars intake. Only three national population-wide studies allow a comparison of dental caries with sugars intakes of less than 5% of total energy intake versus more than 5% but less than 10% of total energy intake.
These population-based ecological studies were conducted during a period when sugars availability dropped dramatically from 15kg per person per year before the Second World War to a low of 0.2kg per person per year in 1946. This “natural experiment”, which demonstrated a reduction in dental caries, provides the basis for the recommendation that reducing the intake of free sugars below 5% of total energy intake would provide additional health benefits in the form of reduced dental caries.
WHO issues conditional recommendations even when the quality of evidence may not be strong on issues of public health importance. A conditional recommendation is one where the desirable effects of adhering to the recommendation probably outweigh the undesirable effects but these trade-offs need to be clarified; therefore, stakeholder dialogue and consultations are needed before the recommendation is implemented as policy.
Updating the guideline on free sugars intake is part of WHO’s ongoing efforts to update existing dietary goals to prevent NCDs. The sugars guidelines should be used in conjunction with other nutrient guidelines and dietary goals, in particular those related to fats and fatty acids, including saturated fat and trans-fat.
In March 2014, WHO opened a public consultation on the then draft sugars guideline to seek inputs from all stakeholders. More than 170 comments were received from representatives of government agencies, United Nations agencies, nongovernmental organizations, industries and academic institutions as well as other interested individuals. An expert peer review process was also undertaken in 2014. The final guideline was prepared taking into account comments received from the public consultation and expert peer review.
Countries can translate the recommendations into food-based dietary guidelines that consider locally available food and customs. Additionally, some countries are implementing other public health interventions to reduce free sugars intake. These include nutrition labelling of food products, restricting marketing to children of food and non-alcoholic drinks that are high in free sugars, fiscal policies targeting foods and beverages high in free sugars, and dialogue with food manufacturers to reduce free sugars in processed foods.
Excessive Sugar consumption is associated with:
- Wheat Belly, the excess sugar that is stored as viceral fat.
- Candida albicans
- Dysbiosis
- Diabetes
Revised Sugar Intake Guidelines
Reducing free sugars intake to less than 10% of total daily energy intake was recommended by the WHO Study Group for the first time in 1989 and was further elaborated by a joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation in 2002. This new updated WHO guideline calls for further reduction of free sugars intake to less than 5% of total energy intake if possible.
Promoting healthy diet was a key theme of the Second International Conference on Nutrition (ICN2) convened jointly by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and WHO in November 2014. At ICN2, more than 170 countries adopted the Rome Declaration on Nutrition, and a Framework for Action, which highlight the need for global action to end all forms of malnutrition, including obesity and diet-related NCDs.
Gary Taubes ‘The Case Against Sugar’
Recommended Sugar Intake References
WHO Sugar Intake Guidelines: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guidelines/sugars_intake/en/
WHO Sugar Intake news release: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2015/sugar-guideline/en/
Ways to reduce sugar: http://www.heartandstroke.ca/get-healthy/healthy-eating/reduce-sugar
Eat fruits and vegetables: http://www.heartandstroke.ca/get-healthy/healthy-eating/vegetables-and-fruit
The sugars guideline is also part of WHO’s effort to reach targets set by the Global Action Plan for NCDs 2013-2020 to halt the rise in diabetes and obesity and reduce the burden of premature deaths due to NCDs by 25% by 2025. Similarly, the sugars guideline contributes to the work of WHO’s Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity, which aims to raise awareness and build momentum for action to address childhood obesity.
Added Sugar: http://cmajopen.ca/content/5/1/E1.full
Reading food labels and figuring out added sugar: http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/sugar-canada-food-label-1.3899324
Added sugar often found in Canadian products marketed as ‘healthy,’ researchers find http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/sugar-added-processed-foods-canada-1.3932245
The Secrets of Sugar, documentary, CBC’s 5th Estate: We’ve heard for years about the dangers of eating too much fat or salt.
Clinical Consequences of Diet-Induced Dysbiosis:
One of the main functions of the microbiota is to break down food to make it available to the host and as a result, the effect of dysbiosis on metabolism has received considerable attention in current research. ‘Humanized’ mice, or germ-free mice transplanted with human fecal microbiota, are now being used to test the effects of human gut microbiota on mammalian physiology. Using this model, humanized mice fed a ‘Western’ diet high in fat and sugar were shown to have increased adiposity as a result of decreased ratios of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes in the fecal microbiota [21]. Similarly, the gut microbiome was shown to play an important role in the development of kwashiorkor disease, a severe form of malnutrition [22].
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- 21. Turnbaugh PJ, Ridaura VK, Faith JJ, Rey FE, Knight R, Gordon JI: The effect of diet on the human gut microbiome: a metagenomic analysis in humanized gnotobiotic mice. Sci Transl Med 2009;1:6ra14.
External Resources
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- 22. Smith MI, Yatsunenko T, Manary MJ, Trehan I, Mkakosya R, Cheng J, Kau AL, Rich SS, Concannon P, Mychaleckyj JC, et al: Gut microbiomes of Malawian twin pairs discordant for kwashiorkor. Science 2013;339:548-554.
External Resources
Total and Free Sugar Content of Canadian Prepackaged Foods and Beverages:
- “Free sugar” is the sugar no longer in its naturally-occurring state (i.e., no longer in whole fruits, vegetables, unsweetened dairy, and grains) and can be consumed as is or incorporated into other foods [9]. Examples include table sugar, syrup, honey, fruit juice and nectars.
- “Added sugar” is the free sugar that has been added to foods [13], however regulatory definitions vary widely under different jurisdictions, some of which are currently under review [16].
- “Naturally-occurring sugar” is the sugar found naturally within whole foods (i.e., within whole fruits, vegetables, dairy, and some grains) [14]. •
- “Total sugar” is a combination of free sugar and naturally-occurring sugar and is currently the only type of sugar declared on the Nutrition Facts table (NFt) in Canada [17] and in many jurisdictions [16,18–20].
- “Free Sugar Ingredients” (FSI) are all mono- and disaccharides added to foods as well as those naturally-occurring in honey, fruit juices, and syrups (e.g., sugar, honey, maple syrup, molasses, fruit juice, glucose, fructose, agave, and corn syrup) [9].
- “Sweeteners” are food additives that are used to give products a sweet taste and can include sugar alcohols (e.g., malitol, xylitol, and sorbitol), non-nutritive sweeteners (e.g., aspartame, sucralose, and acesulfame-potassium), cyclamate sweeteners, or saccharin sweeteners [21] and are not considered FSI
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5037566/pdf/nutrients-08-00582.pdf